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<html>
<head>
<meta charset='UTF-8'><meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width initial-scale=1'>

<style type='text/css'>html {overflow-x: initial !important;}:root { --bg-color:#ffffff; --text-color:#333333; --select-text-bg-color:#B5D6FC; --select-text-font-color:auto; --monospace:"Lucida Console",Consolas,"Courier",monospace; --title-bar-height:20px; }
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iframe { margin: auto; }
a.url { word-break: break-all; }
a:active, a:hover { outline: 0px; }
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#write.first-line-indent li p, #write.first-line-indent p * { text-indent: 0px; }
#write.first-line-indent li { margin-left: 2em; }
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body.typora-export { padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 30px; }
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*, ::after, ::before { box-sizing: border-box; }
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h6 { font-size: 1rem; }
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a { cursor: pointer; }
sup.md-footnote { padding: 2px 4px; background-color: rgba(238, 238, 238, 0.7); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); border-radius: 4px; cursor: pointer; }
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#write input[type="checkbox"] { cursor: pointer; width: inherit; height: inherit; }
figure { overflow-x: auto; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: calc(100% + 16px); padding: 0px; }
figure > table { margin: 0px; }
tr { break-inside: avoid; break-after: auto; }
thead { display: table-header-group; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 100%; overflow: auto; break-inside: auto; text-align: left; }
table.md-table td { min-width: 32px; }
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a img, img a { cursor: pointer; }
pre.md-meta-block { font-size: 0.8rem; min-height: 0.8rem; white-space: pre-wrap; background: rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; overflow-x: hidden; }
p > .md-image:only-child:not(.md-img-error) img, p > img:only-child { display: block; margin: auto; }
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p > .md-image:only-child { display: inline-block; width: 100%; }
#write .MathJax_Display { margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; }
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.md-toc { min-height: 3.58rem; position: relative; font-size: 0.9rem; border-radius: 10px; }
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code, pre, samp, tt { font-family: var(--monospace); }
kbd { margin: 0px 0.1em; padding: 0.1em 0.6em; font-size: 0.8em; color: rgb(36, 39, 41); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(173, 179, 185); border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: rgba(12, 13, 14, 0.2) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 0px 2px inset; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: middle; }
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code { text-align: left; vertical-align: initial; }
a.md-print-anchor { white-space: pre !important; border-width: initial !important; border-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; display: inline-block !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important; right: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; background: 0px 0px !important; text-decoration: initial !important; text-shadow: initial !important; }
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.md-diagram-panel > svg { max-width: 100%; }
[lang="flow"] svg, [lang="mermaid"] svg { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
[lang="mermaid"] .node text { font-size: 1rem; }
table tr th { border-bottom: 0px; }
video { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 0px auto; }
iframe { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; border: none; }
.highlight td, .highlight tr { border: 0px; }
mark { background: rgb(255, 255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.md-html-inline .md-plain, .md-html-inline strong, mark .md-inline-math, mark strong { color: inherit; }
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html {
	font-size: 19px;
}

html, body {
	margin: auto;
	background: #fefefe;
	-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
body {
	font-family: "Vollkorn", Palatino, Times;
	color: #333;
	line-height: 1.4;
	text-align: justify;
}

#write {
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	margin-bottom: 2em;
	line-height: 1.53;
	padding-top: 40px;
}

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}

@media print {
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	}
}

/* Typography
-------------------------------------------------------- */

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h1 {
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}

h3 {
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}

h1, 
h2, 
h3{
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}

h2:after{
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pre {
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}

a {
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}
a:hover {
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}
a img {
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}
h1 a,
h1 a:hover {
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}
hr {
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}
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}
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table td {
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}
table th {
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}
table thead th {
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}
table caption+thead tr:first-child th,
table caption+thead tr:first-child td,
table colgroup+thead tr:first-child th,
table colgroup+thead tr:first-child td,
table thead:first-child tr:first-child th,
table thead:first-child tr:first-child td {
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}
table tbody+tbody {
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}

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	display: inline-block;
	width: 1.33333333rem;
  	height: 1.6rem;
	vertical-align: middle;
	text-align: center;
	color: #ddd;
	background-color: #fefefe;
}

.md-task-list-item > input:checked:before,
.md-task-list-item > input[checked]:before{
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}
.md-tag {
	color: inherit;
	font: inherit;
}
#write pre.md-meta-block {
	min-height: 35px;
	padding: 0.5em 1em;
}
#write pre.md-meta-block {
	white-space: pre;
	background: #f8f8f8;
	border: 0px;
	color: #999;
	
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	max-width: calc(100% + 60px);
	margin-left: -30px;
	border-left: 30px #f8f8f8 solid;
	border-right: 30px #f8f8f8 solid;

	margin-bottom: 2em;
	margin-top: -1.3333333333333rem;
	padding-top: 26px;
	padding-bottom: 10px;
	line-height: 1.8em;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	font-size: 0.76em;
	padding-left: 0;
}
.md-img-error.md-image>.md-meta{
	vertical-align: bottom;
}
#write>h5.md-focus:before {
	top: 2px;
}

.md-toc {
	margin-top: 40px;
}

.md-toc-content {
	padding-bottom: 20px;
}

.outline-expander:before {
	color: inherit;
	font-size: 14px;
	top: auto;
	content: "\f0da";
	font-family: FontAwesome;
}

.outline-expander:hover:before,
.outline-item-open>.outline-item>.outline-expander:before {
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}

/** source code mode */
#typora-source {
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}

.html-for-mac #typora-sidebar {
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    box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);
}

.cm-s-typora-default .cm-header, 
.cm-s-typora-default .cm-property,
.CodeMirror.cm-s-typora-default div.CodeMirror-cursor {
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}

.cm-s-typora-default .cm-atom, .cm-s-typora-default .cm-number {
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.typora-node .file-list-item-parent-loc, 
.typora-node .file-list-item-time, 
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.md-task-list-item>input {
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    margin-top: calc(1rem - 12px);
}

.md-mathjax-midline {
	background: #fafafa;
}

.md-fences .code-tooltip {
	bottom: -2em !important;
}

.dropdown-menu .divider {
	border-color: #e5e5e5;
}


mjx-container[jax="SVG"] {
  direction: ltr;
}

mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg {
  overflow: visible;
  min-height: 1px;
  min-width: 1px;
}

mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg a {
  fill: blue;
  stroke: blue;
}

mjx-assistive-mml {
  position: absolute !important;
  top: 0px;
  left: 0px;
  clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
  padding: 1px 0px 0px 0px !important;
  border: 0px !important;
  display: block !important;
  width: auto !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  -webkit-touch-callout: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -khtml-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

mjx-assistive-mml[display="block"] {
  width: 100% !important;
}

mjx-container[jax="SVG"][display="true"] {
  display: block;
  text-align: center;
  margin: 1em 0;
}

mjx-container[jax="SVG"][display="true"][width="full"] {
  display: flex;
}

mjx-container[jax="SVG"][justify="left"] {
  text-align: left;
}

mjx-container[jax="SVG"][justify="right"] {
  text-align: right;
}

g[data-mml-node="merror"] > g {
  fill: red;
  stroke: red;
}

g[data-mml-node="merror"] > rect[data-background] {
  fill: yellow;
  stroke: none;
}

g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > line[data-line], svg[data-table] > g > line[data-line] {
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</style><title>3-1-1.酸碱的定义及酸碱反应</title>
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<div id='write'  class=''><h2 id='3-1-1酸碱的定义及酸碱反应'><span>3-1-1.酸碱的定义及酸碱反应</span></h2><p><strong><span>酸碱理论</span></strong><span>指阐述</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/酸'><span>酸</span></a><span>、</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/碱'><span>碱</span></a><span>及酸碱反应本质的各种理论。在历史上曾有多种酸碱理论，其中重要的包括：</span></p><ul><li><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿伦尼乌斯'><span>阿伦尼乌斯</span></a><span>酸碱理论——</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/酸碱电离理论'><span>酸碱电离理论</span></a></li><li><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/约翰内斯·尼古劳斯·布仑斯惕'><span>布仑斯惕</span></a><span>-</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/马丁·劳里'><span>劳里</span></a><span>酸碱理论——</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/酸碱质子理论'><span>酸碱质子理论</span></a></li><li><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/吉爾伯特·路易士'><span>路易士</span></a><span>酸碱理论——</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/酸碱电子理论'><span>酸碱电子理论</span></a></li><li><span>酸碱溶剂理论</span></li><li><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/软硬酸碱理论'><span>软硬酸碱理论</span></a></li></ul><h3 id='拉瓦锡的定义'><span>拉瓦锡的定义</span></h3><p><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/拉瓦锡'><span>拉瓦锡</span></a><span>是最早提出酸碱概念的人。他在1776年左右提出一套酸碱理论。在那时，</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/强酸'><span>强酸</span></a><span>主要是</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/硝酸'><span>HNO3</span></a><span>和</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/硫酸'><span>H2SO4</span></a><span>一类的</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/含氧酸'><span>含氧酸</span></a><span>，基本上都含有氧元素和高</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氧化态'><span>氧化态</span></a><span>的中心原子。因此拉瓦锡认为氧是酸中不可或缺的组分，将氧定义为酸生成者（οξυς γεινομαι），并且认为当时还未研究清楚成分的</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氢卤酸'><span>氢卤酸</span></a><span>中也含有氧元素。这个定义一直推行了30年，直到1810年</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/汉弗里·戴维'><span>戴维</span></a><span>证明了</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/硫化氢'><span>H2S</span></a><span>、</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/碲化氢'><span>H2Te</span></a><span>和</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/卤化氢'><span>卤化氢</span></a><span>虽也属于酸，但不含氧原子。</span></p><h3 id='李比希的定义'><span>李比希的定义</span></h3><p><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/尤斯图斯·冯·李比希'><span>尤斯图斯·冯·李比希</span></a><span>在研究了很多</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/有机酸'><span>有机酸</span></a><span>的组成后，于1838年左右提出一套酸碱理论，认为酸是含氢元素的物质，并且其中的氢可以被 金属原子替换。这个理论在推行了50年后，被更加全面的阿伦尼乌斯酸碱电离理论所替代。</span></p><h3 id='阿伦尼乌斯的定义'><span>阿伦尼乌斯的定义</span></h3><p><span>现在阿伦尼乌斯酸碱理论仍然被广泛用于理解酸碱反应的概念。</span></p><p><span>该理论以</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿伦尼乌斯'><span>阿伦尼乌斯</span></a><span>与</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德'><span>威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德</span></a><span>在1884年左右的研究为基础，相比其他酸碱理论更加简明易懂。阿伦尼乌斯本人也因此获得1903年的</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/诺贝尔化学奖'><span>诺贝尔化学奖</span></a><span>。</span></p><p><span>至于该理论中的酸碱定义，可用以下一句话来描述：</span></p><figure><table><thead><tr><th><span>“</span></th><th><span>阿伦尼乌斯酸碱理论中，酸在水溶液中解离出氢离子，而碱则解离出氢氧根离子。</span></th><th><span>”</span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p><span>酸碱反应的本质是氢离子与氢氧根离子反应生成水。</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.572ex" height="2.129ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -775.2 10860.8 940.8" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-1-TEX-N-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 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data-mjx-auto-op="false">OH</mi></mrow><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">H</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow 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data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mtext>酸</mtext><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>碱</mtext><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>盐</mtext><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>水</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{酸^+ + 碱^− → 盐 + 水}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>碱中的阳离子可与酸中的阴离子成盐。比如，两</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/摩尔'><span>摩尔</span></a><span>的</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氢氧化钠'><span>氢氧化钠</span></a><span>（NaOH）与一摩尔的硫酸（H2SO4）反应，产物是两摩尔水和一摩尔硫酸钠</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.482ex" height="1.934ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -705 17009.2 855" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.339ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-3-TEX-N-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 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data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(9,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mn"><use data-c="32" xlink:href="#MJX-3-TEX-N-32"></use></g></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(15262.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><use data-c="53" xlink:href="#MJX-3-TEX-N-53"></use><use data-c="4F" xlink:href="#MJX-3-TEX-N-4F" transform="translate(556,0)"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(16596.7,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(9,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mn"><use data-c="34" xlink:href="#MJX-3-TEX-N-34"></use></g></g></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mn>2</mn><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NaOH</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">H</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">SO</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mn>2</mn><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">H</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">Na</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">SO</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{2NaOH + H2SO4 → 2 H2O + Na2SO4}</script></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 id='布仑斯惕brønsted）及劳里lowry）酸碱学说'><span>布仑斯惕（Brønsted）及劳里（Lowry）酸碱学说</span></h3><p><span>丹麦化学家</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/约翰内斯·尼古劳斯·布仑斯惕'><span>约翰内斯·尼古劳斯·布仑斯惕</span></a><span>和英国化学家</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/马丁·劳里'><span>托马斯·马丁·劳里</span></a><span>于1923年分别提出酸碱质子理论，也称为布朗斯特-劳瑞酸碱理论。该理论认为，凡是能给出</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/质子'><span>质子</span></a><span>（H+）的物质都是酸，凡能接受质子的物质都是碱，而既能给出质子，也能接受质子的物质称为</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/兩性_(化學)'><span>两性物质</span></a><span>。 酸和碱不是孤立的，它们通过质子互相联系，用通式可以表示为：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16.063ex" height="2.149ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 7099.7 950" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.452ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-4-TEX-N-27F6" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H1444Q1328 357 1301 493Q1301 494 1301 496T1300 499Q1300 511 1317 511H1320Q1329 511 1332 510T1338 506T1341 497T1344 481T1352 456Q1374 389 1425 336T1544 261Q1553 258 1553 250Q1553 244 1548 241T1524 231T1486 212Q1445 186 1415 152T1370 85T1349 35T1341 4Q1339 -6 1336 -8T1320 -11Q1300 -11 1300 0Q1300 7 1305 25Q1337 151 1444 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path><path id="MJX-4-TEX-N-2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">酸</text></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(916.6,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="REL" transform="translate(1194.3,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><use data-c="27F6" xlink:href="#MJX-4-TEX-N-27F6"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(3110.1,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(3110.1,0)"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">碱</text></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(4068.4,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(4290.6,0)"><use data-c="2B" xlink:href="#MJX-4-TEX-N-2B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5290.8,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(5290.8,0)"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">质</text></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(6216.1,0)"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">子</text></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mtext>酸</mtext><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>碱</mtext><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>质</mtext><mtext>子</mtext></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{酸 → 碱 + 质子}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>这样的一对酸碱称为</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/共轭酸碱对'><span>共轭酸碱对</span></a><span>，其中的酸和碱分别称为相应物质的共轭酸及共轭碱。</span></p><p><span>与阿伦尼乌斯酸碱理论不同的是，布仑斯惕酸碱不仅限于电中性的分子，也包括带电的阴阳离子。而该理论之下的酸碱反应则是两对共轭酸碱对之间传递质子的反应，不一定生成盐和水：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.502ex" height="2.149ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 10388 950" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.452ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-5-TEX-N-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 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456Q1374 389 1425 336T1544 261Q1553 258 1553 250Q1553 244 1548 241T1524 231T1486 212Q1445 186 1415 152T1370 85T1349 35T1341 4Q1339 -6 1336 -8T1320 -11Q1300 -11 1300 0Q1300 7 1305 25Q1337 151 1444 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mtext"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">酸</text></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(916.6,0)"><use data-c="31" xlink:href="#MJX-5-TEX-N-31"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(1416.6,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1638.8,0)"><use data-c="2B" xlink:href="#MJX-5-TEX-N-2B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2639,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(2639,0)"><text data-variant="normal" 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data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(8971.5,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(8971.5,0)"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">酸</text></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(9888,0)"><use data-c="32" xlink:href="#MJX-5-TEX-N-32"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mtext>酸</mtext><mn>1</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>碱</mtext><mn>2</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>碱</mtext><mn>1</mn><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mtext>酸</mtext><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{酸1 + 碱2 → 碱1 + 酸2}</script></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.582ex" height="1.939ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -775.2 10423.1 857.2" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-6-TEX-N-41" d="M255 0Q240 3 140 3Q48 3 39 0H32V46H47Q119 49 139 88Q140 91 192 245T295 553T348 708Q351 716 366 716H376Q396 715 400 709Q402 707 508 390L617 67Q624 54 636 51T687 46H717V0H708Q699 3 581 3Q458 3 437 0H427V46H440Q510 46 510 64Q510 66 486 138L462 209H229L209 150Q189 91 189 85Q189 72 209 59T259 46H264V0H255ZM447 255L345 557L244 256Q244 255 345 255H447Z"></path><path id="MJX-6-TEX-N-48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 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data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(84.2,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><use data-c="2B" xlink:href="#MJX-6-TEX-N-2B"></use></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">AH</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">B</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">A</mi></mrow><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow 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data-mjx-auto-op="false">CH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">COOH</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">CH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">COO</mi></mrow><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{CH3COOH + NH3 → NH4+ + CH3COO−}</script></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 id='路易斯的定义'><span>路易斯的定义</span></h3><p><span>路易斯酸碱理论由</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/吉尔伯特·牛顿·路易斯'><span>吉尔伯特·牛顿·路易斯</span></a><span>在1923年提出，结合了布朗斯特-劳里和酸碱溶剂理论的特点，在水溶液和非水溶剂中都有很广的应用。该理论着重探讨电子的给予与获得，路易斯酸被定义为电子接受体，而路易斯碱则是电子给予体。</span></p><p><span>路易斯酸与路易斯碱反应时，路易斯碱含有孤对电子的最高占有轨道（</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOMO'><span>HOMO</span></a><span>）向路易斯酸</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/缺电子'><span>缺电子</span></a><span>的最低未占轨道（</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUMO'><span>LUMO</span></a><span>）贡献电子生成配位键，产物称作酸碱</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/加合物'><span>加合物</span></a><span>。在强极性分子如</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/三氟化硼'><span>三氟化硼</span></a><span>中，[</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/酸碱理论#cite_note-lewis_2-9'><span>9</span><span>]</span></a><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/电负性'><span>电负性</span></a><span>强的元素吸引电子，带有部分负电荷，电负性弱的元素则带有部分正电荷，孤对-成键电子（Lp-Bp）之间作用力超过成键-成键电子（Bp-Bp）之间的作用力。金属离子的加合物被称为</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/配位化合物'><span>配位化合物</span></a><span>。</span></p><h3 id='溶剂理论'><span>溶剂理论</span></h3><p><span>该理论与阿伦尼乌斯对所有</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=自偶解离&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1'><span>自偶解离</span></a><span>溶剂的定义有关。在这些溶剂中，存在中性溶剂分子与解离出的阳离子和阴离子之间的平衡：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.133ex" height="2.372ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -883 10666.8 1048.6" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;"><defs><path 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data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mn>2</mn><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">H</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mover><mrow data-mjx-texclass="OP"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0" depth="0"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo stretchy="false">↽</mo></mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo></mrow></mstyle></mrow></mover></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">H</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">OH</mi></mrow><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{2H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH− }</script></p><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.876ex" height="2.372ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -883 10995.3 1048.6" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-10-TEX-N-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 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data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(84.2,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mo"><use data-c="2212" xlink:href="#MJX-10-TEX-N-2212"></use></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mn>2</mn><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mrow 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width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{2NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + NH2−}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>非质子溶剂：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.557ex" height="2.372ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -883 10412.3 1048.6" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.375ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-11-TEX-N-4E" d="M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z"></path><path id="MJX-11-TEX-N-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 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width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mstyle scriptlevel="0"><mspace width="-0.167em"></mspace></mstyle><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo></mrow></mstyle></mrow></mover></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">SbCl</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">SbCl</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{2SbCl3 ⇌ SbCl2+ + SbCl4−}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>酸导致溶剂阳离子浓度上升，阴离子浓度下降；而碱则导致阳离子浓度下降，阴离子浓度上升。例如在液</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氨'><span>氨</span></a><span>中，</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氨基鉀'><span>KNH2</span></a><span>提供NH2−离子，是</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/强碱'><span>强碱</span></a><span>，而</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/硝酸铵'><span>NH4NO3</span></a><span>提供NH4+离子，是</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/强酸'><span>强酸</span></a><span>。在液态</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/二氧化硫'><span>二氧化硫</span></a><span>（SO2）中，</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=亚硫酰基&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1'><span>亚硫酰基</span></a><span>化合物是酸，提供SO2+离子；而</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/亚硫酸盐'><span>亚硫酸盐</span></a><span>提供SO32−离子，可看作碱。</span></p><p><span>该理论下，液氨中的酸碱反应包括：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="51.72ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 22860.4 1000" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 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data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">Zn</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mtext>&nbsp;</mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext>两</mtext><mtext>性</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">Na</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">Zn</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow 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data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">Zn</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mtext>&nbsp;</mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext>两</mtext><mtext>性</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">Zn</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NH</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">I</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{2NH4I (酸) + Zn(NH2)2 (两性) → [Zn(NH3)4)]I2}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>硝酸在纯硫酸中是碱：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52.515ex" height="2.32ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -775.2 23211.4 1025.2" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-15-TEX-N-48" d="M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 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height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><msup><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{HNO3 (碱) + 2H2SO4 → NO2+ + H3O+ + 2HSO4−}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>液态</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/四氧化二氮'><span>四氧化二氮</span></a><span>中：</span></p><blockquote><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="42.74ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 18890.9 1000" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-16-TEX-N-41" d="M255 0Q240 3 140 3Q48 3 39 0H32V46H47Q119 49 139 88Q140 91 192 245T295 553T348 708Q351 716 366 716H376Q396 715 400 709Q402 707 508 390L617 67Q624 54 636 51T687 46H717V0H708Q699 3 581 3Q458 3 437 0H427V46H440Q510 46 510 64Q510 66 486 138L462 209H229L209 150Q189 91 189 85Q189 72 209 59T259 46H264V0H255ZM447 255L345 557L244 256Q244 255 345 255H447Z"></path><path id="MJX-16-TEX-N-67" d="M329 409Q373 453 429 453Q459 453 472 434T485 396Q485 382 476 371T449 360Q416 360 412 390Q410 404 415 411Q415 412 416 414V415Q388 412 363 393Q355 388 355 386Q355 385 359 381T368 369T379 351T388 325T392 292Q392 230 343 187T222 143Q172 143 123 171Q112 153 112 133Q112 98 138 81Q147 75 155 75T227 73Q311 72 335 67Q396 58 431 26Q470 -13 470 -72Q470 -139 392 -175Q332 -206 250 -206Q167 -206 107 -175Q29 -140 29 -75Q29 -39 50 -15T92 18L103 24Q67 55 67 108Q67 155 96 193Q52 237 52 292Q52 355 102 398T223 442Q274 442 318 416L329 409ZM299 343Q294 371 273 387T221 404Q192 404 171 388T145 343Q142 326 142 292Q142 248 149 227T179 192Q196 182 222 182Q244 182 260 189T283 207T294 227T299 242Q302 258 302 292T299 343ZM403 -75Q403 -50 389 -34T348 -11T299 -2T245 0H218Q151 0 138 -6Q118 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data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(9,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mn"><use data-c="33" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-33"></use></g></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(3190.6,0)"><use data-c="A0" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-A0"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3440.6,0)"><use data-c="28" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-28"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(3829.6,0)"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">碱</text></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(4787.8,0)"><use data-c="29" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-29"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(5176.8,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(5399,0)"><use data-c="2B" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-2B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(6399.2,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(6399.2,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><use data-c="4E" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-4E"></use><use data-c="4F" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-4F" transform="translate(750,0)"></use><use data-c="43" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-43" transform="translate(1528,0)"></use><use data-c="6C" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-6C" transform="translate(2250,0)"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(8927.2,0)"><use data-c="A0" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-A0"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(9177.2,0)"><use data-c="28" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-28"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(9566.2,0)"><text data-variant="normal" transform="scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">酸</text></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(10482.8,0)"><use data-c="29" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-29"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(10871.8,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="REL" transform="translate(11149.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><use data-c="27F6" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-27F6"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(13065.4,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(13065.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><use data-c="4E" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-4E"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(13815.4,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(9,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mn"><use data-c="32" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-32"></use></g></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(14227.9,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><use data-c="4F" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-4F"></use></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(15005.9,0)"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mphantom"></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(9,-150) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mpadded"><g data-mml-node="mn"><use data-c="34" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-34"></use></g></g></g></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(15418.5,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(15640.7,0)"><use data-c="2B" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-2B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(16640.9,0)"></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(16640.9,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><use data-c="41" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-41"></use><use data-c="67" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-67" transform="translate(750,0)"></use><use data-c="43" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-43" transform="translate(1250,0)"></use><use data-c="6C" xlink:href="#MJX-16-TEX-N-6C" transform="translate(1972,0)"></use></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">AgNO</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>3</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mtext>&nbsp;</mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext>碱</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">NOCl</mi></mrow><mtext>&nbsp;</mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext>酸</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="REL"><mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>2</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false" mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow><msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>X</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mpadded height="0"><mn>4</mn></mpadded></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"></mrow><mrow data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><mi data-mjx-auto-op="false">AgCl</mi></mrow></mrow></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container><script type="math/tex">\ce{AgNO3 (碱) + NOCl (酸) → N2O4 + AgCl}</script></p></blockquote><p><span>酸碱溶剂理论中，同一化合物在不同溶剂中可以改变其酸碱性质，比如</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/高氯酸'><span>HClO4</span></a><span>在水中是强酸，在</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/乙酸'><span>乙酸</span></a><span>中是弱酸，而在</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氟磺酸'><span>氟磺酸</span></a><span>中则是弱碱。</span></p><p><span>------摘自</span><a href='https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E7%A2%B1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA'><span>维基百科</span></a></p><p>&nbsp;</p></div></div>
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